{"id":1407,"date":"2023-01-28T02:32:25","date_gmt":"2023-01-28T01:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iamweb01.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/?page_id=1407"},"modified":"2025-04-27T19:21:02","modified_gmt":"2025-04-27T17:21:02","slug":"regions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iam.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/regions\/","title":{"rendered":"Regions"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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The Himalayas:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The inhabitable zone of the Himalayan Chain separates the Indian sub-continent from the Tibetan plateau. Along its southern face, the climatic belt between the North-Indian plane and the mountain peaks displays a topography of valleys and gorges. <\/span><\/div>
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Culturally speaking, these regions display the fringes of the Indian cultures and religions, where on one hand local traditions had a major impact on the development of local cults, and, on the other hand, old orthodox tradtitions continued in small pockets without being exposed to the alterations and changes of doctrinal currents. For the religions that developed on the Indian sub-continent, the Himalayas are a mythical place – for the Hindus the major peaks are the seats of \u015aiva and P\u0101rvat\u012b whereas for the Buddhists these peaks are the sites where Heruka, the wrathful Tantric form of Buddha, subdues the Hindu deities.<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Chamba:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The kingdom of Chamba<\/strong><\/a> came into existence as the result of a migration movement from the northwest-Indian Plains into the Western Himalayan Hill Region during the post-Gupta era (6th<\/sup>\u00a0-7th<\/sup>\u00a0century). Its heartland is constituted by the valley of the Ravi River and its tributaries. The first administrative and religious center was at Brahmapura (modern Brahmour) in the Upper Ravi Valley, a location well protected by almost unsurpassable gorges, steep slopes and mountain chains. By the 10th<\/sup>\u00a0century, the capital was moved further down the valley to Chamba. The place name was then used for both the town and the kingdom simultaneously. While Chamba was permanently surrounded by powerful neighbours such as the kingdom of Kashmir, the Pratihara Empire of Kannauj and later then the Mughal Empire, it managed to maintain at least some independence until the times of the British Empire. The resistance on the military and political level however did not result in cultural isolation. It was the contrary as Chamba exchanged, adapted and absorbed many of the currents that its neighbours developed over the centuries. It was probably Chamba where the artistic traditions of Kashmir and the Pratihara Empire were merged in the most sophisticated way.<\/p>

Its remoteness has secured the survival of the cultural heritage of Chamba well. Although Chamba has the oldest temples still in use in the whole of the Western Himalayas and its foot hills, its cultural heritage has been comparatively little studied. The \u201cDigital Chamba Project\u201d aims at presenting a number of selected cultural achievements that were made in the region. This includes (1) intact architectural works (temples, shrines, fountain structures) as well as fragmented or single architectural pieces (portals, sukhanasa or pediment elements, amalakas), (2) sculptures which are either still in place or moved to and re-configured in new shrines, and (3) mural paintings that reflect the art of the Mughal court. In addition, several case studies investigate the impact of Chamba on its neighbouring regions in the field of sculptural art and architectural design, in particular the interaction and exchange with Kulu, Kangra, Lahul and even Ladakh. It is a study not limited by political and geographic boundaries but enhanced by the active relations that connected the various regions through the trans-Himalayan networks traffic routes that were used by armies, traders, artists and pilgrims alike.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"Chamba_rotated\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Swai_Narasimha_7655\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Brahmour_LDportal2-1_3592\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Brahmour_LD_mandapa_3163\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Brahmour_LD_mandapa_3167\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_ChCh18_3941\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_ChCh19_6389\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_ChCh19_6396\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_ChCh16_3840\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_MS-MO_18_4886\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_MS-MO_18_4876\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_ChCh_Durga1-16_3917\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_ChCh_Durga2-18_3895\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Bees_Mela-2018_4899\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_GS_Durga3-2018-DSC_3778\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamba_V_Durga4-2019-DSC_0579\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamunda-Temple_Chamba-2016_3814\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chamunda-Temple_Chamba-2018_1264\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"vishnu-temple-nc_Chamba-2018_1740\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"DSC_8487\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"DSC_0546\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"DSC_3747\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Lakshmi-Damodara-2018_4680\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Surya_Lakshmi-Damodara-2018_4678\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Surya_Harirai-2018_4461\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Surya_Harirai-2018_4712\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Rajnagar-2018_1425\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Rajnagar-2018_1443\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Ganesha_Swai-2019_DSC_8382\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Ganesha_Rajnagar-2018_1465\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Ganesha_Swai-2018_2220\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Kharura_stepped-temple-2016_4364\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Kharura_stepped-temple-2016_4377\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Kharura-Chamba_temple3-2019_0468\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Kharura-Chamba_temple3-2018_4564\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Vishnu-T-Chauntra2019_2774\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Vaikuntha_Vishnu-Damodara-2018_4351\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a-panel_Lak\u1e63m\u012b-Damodara-Temple-2019_4425\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Siva-temple_Brahmapura-2019_9867a\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Chatrarhi_Murals\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Devi-kothi_gk19_7600\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\u00a0– Chamba<\/a>
\u00a0– Swai<\/a>
\u00a0– Lak\u1e63a\u1e47\u0101 Dev\u012b – outer portal I<\/a>
\u00a0– Lak\u1e63a\u1e47\u0101 Dev\u012b – outer portal II<\/a>
\u00a0– Lak\u1e63a\u1e47\u0101 Dev\u012b – inner portal<\/a>
\u00a0– Chamesan Champ\u0101vat\u012b – temple<\/a>
\u00a0– Chamesan Champ\u0101vat\u012b – portal<\/a>
\u00a0– Minor \/ Misc I<\/a>
\u00a0– Minor \/ Misc II<\/a>
\u00a0– Durg\u0101 I<\/a>
\u00a0–\u00a0Durg\u0101 II<\/a>
\u00a0– Durg\u0101 as Bh\u012bmadev\u012b<\/a>
\u00a0– Chamunda<\/a>
\u00a0– District Court<\/a>
\u00a0– Wooden architecture<\/a>
\u00a0– Chatrarhi – Um\u0101mahe\u015bvara<\/a>
\u00a0– Lak\u1e63m\u012b Damodara<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a0– Lak\u1e63m\u012b-N\u0101r\u0101ya\u1e47a Temple Complex<\/a>
\u00a0– S\u016brya<\/a>
\u00a0– Ga\u1e47e\u015ba<\/a>
\u00a0– Ga\u1e47e\u015ba Conches<\/a>
\u00a0– Chatrarhi – compound<\/a>
\u00a0– Chatrarhi – inner portal<\/a>
\u00a0– Kharura neighbourhood – temple I<\/a>
\u00a0– Kharura neighbourhood – temple II<\/a>
\u00a0– Kharura neighbourhood – temple III<\/a>
\u00a0– Chauntra Vi\u1e63\u1e47u Vaikuntha Shrine<\/a>
\u00a0– Vaikuntha<\/a>
\u00a0– Narasi\u1e43ha Temple<\/a>
\u00a0–\u00a0K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a panel<\/a>
\u00a0– Brahmapura – Minor Temple<\/a>
\u00a0– Chatrahri – Murals<\/a>
\u00a0– Devi Kothi – Murals<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kangra:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Dhauladhar Range is the geographical order between Chamba and its southern neighbour Kangra<\/a><\/strong>. Kangra is by far less mountainous than Chamba and its ties to the major cultural centres of Northern India were much closer than those of the remote valleys of Chamba \u2013 which of course made it more vulnerable in times of war and migration. In contrast to Chamba, Kangra got exposed to severe pressure from the West when Muslim invaders from the Ghazni Region of Afghanistan raided the region from the turn of the first millennium onwards. During the Mughal period it got under control of the central government which of course had a major impact on the art and architecture of the Mughal Court. Kangra served as a hub for the transmission of the artistic tradition of Mughal art to Chamba where it was adopted especially in painting and the decorative arts in temple architecture.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
In the 8th and 9th centuries CE, Kangra was probably part of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire of Kannauj who was in a competitive conflict with Kashmir (Meister 2006: 45). The rock-carved temple \u2013 never completed and badly damaged in the Kangra Earthquake of 1905 – bears witness of their political power and religious agenda. The list of major religious monuments inlcude the temple of Baijnath, and the fortifications of Nurpur and Kangra Town.
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\u00a0– Kangra<\/a>
\u00a0– Nurpur – Neil Howard<\/a>
\u00a0– Kangra Earthquake<\/a>
\u00a0– Nurpur – K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a Temple<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"Kangra_Titelbild_0797\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Nurpur-Fort-2016_3077\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Kangra-Fort_Ruins-2016_2977\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Nurpur-Fort_Krishna-temple-2019_0984\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Kulu:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kulu<\/strong><\/a> (also spelled Kullu) borders Chamba to the East. Kulu is mainly the Valley of Kulu which is identical with the Upper Beas River Valley. Politically, the southern border is the northern, i.e. right banks of the Sutlej River. To the North, the Rotang Pass was the topographic border towards Lahul. The Kulu Valley has a number of places and religious sites that may be related to Chamba. Kulu was and still is a furtile valley and a major transit route towards the North. It also borders the Tibetan high altitude regions of the Western Himalayan Range such as Spiti and Kinnaur which made it vulnerable to inraids of Tibetan troops. The major religious sites of the Beas Valley include Bajaura, Jagatsukh, Dashal, Naggar and Manali. There are however many more smaller sites along the ancient route where small shrines bear witness of a Brahmanic tradition which is much older than a millennium.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"Kulu-Titelbild_cropped\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
\"Ganesha_Bajaura-2014_6921\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\u00a0– Kulu<\/a>
\u00a0– Ga\u1e47e\u015ba Conches<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shimla:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The district of Shimla<\/a><\/strong> as a regional and political entity results from the decision of the British colonial government which shifted the summer residence away from monsoon battered Delhi to the higher altitudes of the Huill States to the town of the same name. During the last quarter of the first millennium, this part of the Hills was primarily under the cultural and probably political influence of the Gurjara Pratiharas of Kannauj who ruled over the plains just to the south of the Hills. Closest to Kannauj was the South-East of Shimla where a cluster of temples in and around Hatkoti (Saura and Parahat) still provide evidence of religious activies during that period. These include a couple of nagara shrines in different states of preservation, which display features that are not found in other parts of the Hills. Other sites with important religious foundations include Balag and Nirath which is famous for its Surya Temple.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a0– Shimla<\/a>
\u00a0– Ga\u1e47e\u015ba Conches<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"DSC_9780_cropped\"<\/figure><\/a><\/div>
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HOME<\/a>
CONTACT<\/a>
IMPRESSUM<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Himalayas: The inhabitable zone of the Himalayan Chain separates the Indian sub-continent from the Tibetan plateau. Along its southern face, the climatic belt between the North-Indian plane and the mountain peaks displays a topography of valleys and gorges. \u00a0Culturally speaking, these regions display the fringes of the Indian cultures and religions, where on one […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1407","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iam.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iam.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iam.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iam.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iam.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1407"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iam.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1407\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iam.tugraz.at\/research\/chamba\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}